Aplicación de un modelo farmacocinético poblacional para el seguimiento de pacientes en tratamiento con dolutegravir: estudio piloto

Introducción: a pesar de los avances en tratamiento antirretroviral, existe la posibilidad de que personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) experimenten falla terapéutica vinculada a múltiples factores que impactan en la respuesta al fármaco. Objetivos: evaluar la utilidad de aplicar un modelo farmacocinético en pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH en tratamiento con dolutegravir para el análisis de las concentraciones plasmáticas experimentales. Adicionalmente, se pretende identificar potenciales interacciones farmacológicas, evaluar adherencia y fallo terapéutico. Material y método: se realizó un estudio piloto transversal y observacional en pacientes VIH tratados con dolutegravir que incluyó la dosificación de la concentración plasmática, evaluación de adherencia mediante el cuestionario simplificado de adherencia a la medicación (SMAQ) y retiro de medicación. Se utilizó un modelo poblacional referenciado en la bibliografía para la predicción de concentraciones de dolutegravir en cada paciente y se compararon con las concentraciones experimentales. Resultados: fueron incluidos en el estudio 21 pacientes. Al cotejar las concentraciones plasmáticas experimentales con la simulación farmacocinética se encontraron diferencias para 12 pacientes, las cuales se explican por posibles interacciones farmacológicas, mala adherencia u otros factores que afectan la farmacocinética. Se detectó 38% de no adherencia de acuerdo con SMAQ y 23% de acuerdo con el retiro de medicación. Conclusiones: se expone el rol potencial de los modelos farmacocinéticos para la interpretación de concentraciones plasmáticas y se genera la necesidad de avanzar en este tipo de estudios para el establecimiento de rango terapéutico y aplicabilidad clínica.

Introduction: Despite advances in antiretroviral treatment, there is a possibility that people living with HIV may experience treatment failure linked to multiple factors that impact drug response. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of applying a pharmacokinetic model in patients diagnosed with HIV undergoing treatment with dolutegravir for the analysis of experimental plasma concentrations. Additionally, the aim is to identify potential drug interactions, assess adherence, and therapeutic failure. Method: A cross-sectional, observational pilot study was conducted in HIV patients treated with dolutegravir, which included plasma concentration dosing, assessment of adherence using the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ), and medication withdrawal. A population-based model referenced in the literature was used to predict dolutegravir concentrations in each patient and these were compared with experimental concentrations. Results: Twenty-one patients were included in the study. When comparing experimental plasma concentrations with pharmacokinetic simulation, differences were found for 12 patients, which can be explained by possible drug interactions, poor adherence, or other factors affecting pharmacokinetics. Non-adherence was detected in 38% according to the SMAQ and 23% according to medication withdrawal. Conclusions: The potential role of pharmacokinetic models in the interpretation of plasma concentrations is highlighted, emphasizing the need to advance in this type of studies to establish therapeutic ranges and clinical applicability.

Introdução: Apesar dos avanços no tratamento antirretroviral, existe a possibilidade de que pessoas que vivem com HIV experimentem falha terapêutica ligada a múltiplos fatores que impactam na resposta ao medicamento. Objetivos: Avaliar a utilidade da aplicação de um modelo farmacocinético em pacientes com diagnóstico de HIV em tratamento com dolutegravir para análise de concentrações plasmáticas experimentais. Além disso, pretende-se identificar potenciais interações medicamentosas, avaliar a adesão e a falha terapêutica. Método: Um estudo piloto observacional transversal foi conduzido em pacientes HIV tratados com dolutegravir que incluiu dosagem de concentração plasmática, avaliação de adesão usando o questionário simplificado de adesão à medicação (SMAQ) e retirada da medicação. Um modelo populacional referenciado na literatura foi utilizado para prever as concentrações de dolutegravir em cada paciente e compará-las com as concentrações experimentais. Resultados: 21 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Ao comparar as concentrações plasmáticas experimentais com a simulação farmacocinética, foram encontradas diferenças em 12 pacientes, que são explicadas por possíveis interações medicamentosas, má adesão ou outros fatores que afetam a farmacocinética. Foram detectadas 38% de não adesão segundo o SMAQ e 23% segundo retirada da medicação. Conclusões: Fica exposto o papel potencial dos modelos farmacocinéticos para a interpretação das concentrações plasmáticas e gera-se a necessidade de avançar neste tipo de estudos para estabelecer a faixa terapêutica e a aplicabilidade clínica.

Incomplete recovery of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio is associated with the late introduction of antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV infection

ABSTRACT Despite being subject to lower AIDS-related mortality rates and having a higher life expectancy, patients with HIV are more prone to develop non-AIDS events. A low CD4+/CD8+ ratio during antiretroviral therapy identifies people with heightened immune senescence and increased risk of mortality. In clinical practice, finding determinants of a low CD4+/CD8+ ratio may be useful for identifying patients who require close monitoring due to an increased risk of comorbidities and death. We performed a prospective study on the evolution of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in 60 patients infected with HIV (80% males), who were subjected to two different antiretroviral regimens: early and deferred therapy. The initial CD4+/CD8+ ratio was ≤1 for 70% of the patients in both groups. Older age, CD4+ cell count at inclusion, Nadir CD8+T-cell count, and Initial CD4+/CD8+ ratio ≤ 1 were risk factors for lack of ratio recovery. In the multivariate analysis, a CD4+/CD8+ ratio > 1 at the start of the treatment was found to be a determinant factor in maintaining a CD4+/CD8+ ratio > 1. The nadir CD4+T-cell count was lower in the deferred therapy group (p=0.004), and the last CD4+/CD8+ ratio ≤1 was not associated with comorbidities. Ratio recovery was not associated with the duration of HIV infection, time without therapy, or absence of AIDS incidence. A greater improvement was observed in patients treated early (p=0.003). In contrast, the slope of increase was slower in patients who deferred treatment. In conclusion, the increase in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio occurred mostly for patients undergoing early strategy treatment and its extension did not seem to be related to previous HIV-related factors.

Síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmunológica (SIRS) en la salud reproductiva / Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in reproductive health

Resumen El embarazo es un proceso que genera grandes cambios inmunitarios en los cuales participan los linfocitos T con respuestas proinflamatorias (Th1/Th17) y antiinflamatorias (Th2/Treg), con la finalidad de mantener el óptimo estado y desarrollo fetal. En la infección por VIH estos ambientes inmunológicos son afectados directamente con el descenso de las células TCD4. El uso de antirretrovirales (ART) ha permitido que las mujeres que viven con VIH puedan disminuir de manera importante la posibilidad de infectar a sus productos con el virus. El embarazo, enfermedades autoinmunes y el uso de ART son factores conocidos para el desarrollo del síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmunológica debido a la recuperación abrupta de la respuesta inmunitaria. En esta revisión describimos parte de estos cambios en el embarazo y puerperio sin patología añadida, además proponemos un posible comportamiento en los perfiles Th1/Th2 en mujeres que viven con VIH que reciben ART y cursan el primer año posparto.

Abstract Pregnancy is a process which generate great immunologic changes with participation of T lymphocytes with inflammatory (Th1/Th17) and anti-inflammatory response (Th2/Treg), with the purpose of maintain the optimum condition and fetal development. In HIV infection this immunological ambient are affected directly due the decrease of T CD4 cells. The use of antiretrovirals (ART) has allowed that women living with HIV can decrease the possibility to infect their newborns with the virus. The pregnancy, autoimmune diseases, and the use of ART are known factors for the progress of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome due to the abrupt recovery of immune response. In this review we describe some of these changes during the pregnancy and puerperium without any disease added, furthermore we propose a possible behavior of Th1/Th2 profile in women who live with HIV and receive ART during the first year of postpartum.

Aspectos farmacológicos y adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en pacientes VIH

Introducción: La adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico favorece la supresión viral y reduce la resistencia a la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad a largo plazo. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los aspectos farmacológicos y la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral de una IPS colombiana. Metodología: Estudio analítico transversal en pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH en tratamiento antirretroviral entre los años 2012 a 2020. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria múltiple con fines explicativos. Resultados: Se analizaron 9835 pacientes donde la proporción de adherencia fue de 90 % y en el modelo ajustado se evaluó su relación con los antecedentes de no adherencia (ORa:0,52 IC95 °/o:0,40-0,66), grupo farmacológico (2 ITIAN + 1 IP u otro) (ORa:1,22 IC95 %:0,99-1,76), dos tomas al día (ORa:1,02 IC95 %:0,74-1,40), unidades al día (≥ 3) (ORa:0,69 IC95 %:0,47-1,02), reacciones adversas a medicamentos (ORa:0,56 IC95 °%:0,40-0,78), polimedicación (ORa:1,36 IC95 %:1,00-1,85), tiempo TAR (1 a 2 años) (ORa:1,63 IC95 %:1,27-2,09),tiempo TAR (6 a 12 meses) (ORa:1,66 IC95 %:1,27-2,18), tiempo TAR (<6 meses) (ORa:1,36 IC95 %:1,03-1,78), tasa de reclamación de los medicamentos (ORa:0,42 IC95 %:0,32-0,55) y antecedentes PRUM (ORa:0,11 IC95 %:0,09-0,14). Discusión: La proporción de adherencia obtenida es superior a lo descrito para otros países (entre 60-77 %); sin embargo se encuentra que los hallazgos correspondientes al efecto de las variables farmacológicas analizadas son acordes a lo descrito en estudios previos en el tema Conclusión: Los antecedentes de no adherencia, reacciones adversas, tasa de reclamación de los medicamentos y antecedentes de problemas relacionados con el uso de medicamentos son aspectos que reducen la probabilidad de adherencia; mientras que el mayor tiempo de uso del tratamiento aumenta la misma.

Introduction: Adherence to drug treatment promotes viral suppression and reduces long-term resistance to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Objective: To determine the relationship between the pharmacological aspects and adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a Colombian IPS. Methodology: Cross-sectional analytical study in patients with HIV on antiretroviral treatment between 2012 and 2020. A multiple binary logistic regression model was used for explanatory purposes. Results: A total of 9,835 patients were analyzed where the proportion of adherence was 90 % and in the adjusted model its relationship with history of non-adherence was assessed (ORa: 0,52 95 % CI: 0,40-0,66), pharmacological group (2 NRTI + 1 PI or other) (ORa: 1,22 95 % CI: 0,99-1,76), two doses per day (ORa: 1,02 95 % CI: 0,74-1,40), units per day (≥ 3 ) (ORa: 0,69 95 % CI: 0,47-1,02), adverse drug reactions (ORa: 0,56 95 % CI: 0,40-0,78), polypharmacy (ORa: 1,36 95 % CI : 1,00-1,85), ART time (1 to 2 years) (ORa: 1,63 95 % CI: 1,27-2,09), ART time (6 to 12 months) (ORa: 1,66 95 % CI: 1,27-2,18), ART time (<6 months) (ORa: 1,36 95 % CI: 1,03-1,78), inconsistency in the claim (ORa: 0,42 95 % CI: 0,32-0,55) and PRUM history (ORa: 0,11 95 % CI: 0,09-0,14). Discussion: The proportion of adherence obtained is higher than that described for other countries (between 60-77 %); however, the findings corresponding to the effect of the pharmacological variables analysed are in line with those described in previous studies on the subject. Conclusion: The history of non-adherence, adverse reactions, inconsistencies in the claim fill history and problems related to the use of medications are aspects that reduce the probability of adherence. While the longer time of use of the treatment increases adherence.

Marcadores lipídicos en los pacientes con VIH/sida en tratamiento con inhibidores de la proteasa

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la principal causa de morbimortalidad a escala mundial. Otra enfermedad con impacto significativo en los sistemas de salud pública es el VIH/sida. Los pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares. Posterior al tratamiento antirretroviral ha disminuido la incidencia de enfermedades oportunistas asociadas al VIH/sida, y se ha elevado la incidencia de enfermedades asociadas al envejecimiento, como la enfermedad cardiovascular. El uso de antirretrovirales inhibidores de la proteasa se asocia a hiperlipidemia y, por consiguiente, al aumento de complicaciones cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Determinar los marcadores lipídicos en pacientes con VIH/sida en tratamiento con inhibidores de la proteasa. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal en los pacientes con VIH/sida de la provincia de Matanzas, durante el período comprendido entre marzo y agosto de 2020, en el Laboratorio Clínico del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández. Resultados: Se evaluaron los marcadores lipídicos como factor de riesgo cardiovascular asociado al tratamiento antirretroviral, siendo los triglicéridos el de mayor incidencia. Conclusiones: Se identificaron los marcadores lipídicos como factores de riesgo cardiovascular, en este caso la hipertrigliceridemia.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main risk of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Another disease with significant impact on public health systems is HIV/AIDS. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. After antiretroviral treatment, the incidence of opportunistic diseases associated with HIV/AIDS has decreased and the incidence of diseases associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease has increased. The use of protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs is associated with hyperlipidemia and a consequent increase in cardiovascular complications. Objective: To determine lipid markers in patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing treatment with protease inhibitors. Materials and method: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with HIV/AIDS from the province of Matanzas during the period from March to August 2020, in the Clinical Laboratory of the Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital Faustino Pérez Hernandez. Results: Lipid markers were evaluated as cardiovascular risk factor associated with antiretroviral treatment, with triglycerides being the one of highest incidence. Conclusions: Lipid markers were identified as cardiovascular risk factors; in this case hypertriglyceridemia.

Resistencia genotípica del HIV a los antirretrovirales en niños de Argentina entre 2006 y 2021 / HIV genotypic drug resistance to antiretrovirals in children in Argentina between 2006 and 2021

Introducción: La resistencia del HIV a los antirretrovirales (ARVs) es una de las principales causas de fallo terapéutico en niños, niñas y adolescentes que conviven con el virus. Desde el año 2006, el Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Retrovirus del Hospital Garrahan realiza el estudio genotípico de resistencia (ER) del HIV-1 a los ARVs a fin de identificar mutaciones que disminuyen la susceptibilidad del virus a los fármacos que componen el tratamiento ARV. Objetivos: El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el tipo y frecuencia de resistencia del HIV a los ARVs, a través de un análisis de 371 ER realizados entre los años 2006 y 2021 en niños, niñas y adolescentes con HIV-1 adquirido por transmisión vertical y con solicitud médica de ER por presentar fallo terapéutico. Resultados: Entre los años 2006 y 2013 la proporción de casos con resistencia a al menos una clase de fármaco ARV fue mayor al 90%, sugiriendo una asociación directa entre el fallo virológico y la disminución en la susceptibilidad del HIV-1 a uno o más componentes del TARV. A partir del año 2012, se observa una disminución progresiva del nivel de resistencia de HIV-1, llegando al 50% en 2021 (p<0.0001). La frecuencia de mutaciones de resistencia fue diferente para cada una de las clases de ARVs. Mientras que la resistencia a INNTR no sufrió cambios significativos a lo largo del período de estudio, oscilando entre 27% y 75%. La proporción de mutaciones a IPs en pacientes con fallo virológico disminuyó de 87% en 2006 a 17% en 2021 y para los INTR, disminuyó de 79% en 2006 a 45% en 2021. Conclusión: El nivel de resistencia a los ARVs ha disminuido de manera sustancial a lo largo de los últimos 16 años, probablemente por el uso de nuevos fármacos ARV con alta potencia que posibilitaron la intensificación de los tratamientos ARV y la implementación de criterios de fallo terapéutico más estrictos tanto a nivel clínico como virológico (AU)

Introduction: HIV resistance to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is one of the main causes of therapeutic failure in children and adolescents living with the virus. Since 2006, the Cell Biology and Retrovirus Laboratory of the Garrahan Hospital has been performing the genotypic study of HIV-1 resistance to ARV drugs in order to identify mutations that reduce the susceptibility of the virus to the drugs that constitute ARV treatment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the type and frequency of HIV resistance to ARV drugs through an analysis of 371 genotype studies performed between 2006 and 2021 in children and adolescents with HIV-1 acquired through motherto-child transmission and with medical request for genotype study due to therapeutic failure. Results: Between 2006 and 2013, the proportion of cases with resistance to at least one ARV drug class was greater than 90%, suggesting a direct association between virologic failure and decreased susceptibility of HIV-1 to one or more components of ART. From 2012 onwards, a progressive decrease in the level of HIV-1 resistance was observed, reaching 50% in 2021 (p<0.0001). The frequency of resistant mutations was different for each of the ARV classes, while resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) did not change significantly over the study period, ranging from 27% to 75%. The proportion of drug-resistant mutations to protease inhibitors (PI) in patients with virologic failure decreased from 87% in 2006 to 17% in 2021 and for NNRTIs from 79% in 2006 to 45% in 2021. Conclusion: The level of resistance to ARV drugs has decreased substantially over the last 16 years, probably due to the use of new ARV drugs with high potency that allowed the intensification of ARV treatments and the implementation of stricter criteria for therapeutic failure both clinically and virologically (AU)

Survival of patients living with HIV and cancer in Cali, Colombia

Background: People living with HIV have an increased risk of cancer compared to the general population. However, with the increase in life expectancy and advances in antiretroviral therapy, the survival of patients with cancer and HIV has changed. Objective: To determine the survival of patients living with HIV and cancer in Cali, Colombia Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia. Data from the HIV database was crossed with data from the hospital and population-based cancer registries between 2011-2019. Patients <18 years, limited available clinical information on the diagnosis and treatment of HIV and cancer, and non-oncological tumor diagnosis were excluded. Results: A total of 173 patients were included. The frequencies of AIDS-defining neoplasms were: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (42.8%), Kaposi sarcoma (27.8%), and cervical cancer (4.6%). Overall survival was 76.4% (95% CI 68.9-82.3) at five years. Poorer survival was found in patients with AIDS-defining infections (56.9% vs. 77.8%, p=0.027) and non-AIDS-defining infections (57.8% vs. 84.2%, p=0.013), while there was better survival in patients who received antiretroviral therapy (65.9% vs. 17.9%, p=0.021) and oncological treatment (66.7% vs. 35.4%, p<0.001). The presence of non-AIDS-defining infections increases the risk of dying (HR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.05-5.46, p=0.038), while oncological treatment decreases it (HR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.80, p=0.014). Conclusions: In people living with HIV, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma are the most common neoplasms. Factors such as AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated infections have been identified as determinants of survival. Cancer treatment seems to improve survival.

Antecedentes: Las personas que viven con VIH tienen un riesgo mayor de cáncer en comparación con la población general. Sin embargo, con el aumento de la esperanza de vida y los avances en la terapia antirretroviral, la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer y VIH ha cambiado. Objetivo: Determinar la supervivencia de los pacientes que viven con VIH y cáncer en Cali, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en la Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia. Los datos de la base de datos de VIH se cruzaron con los datos de los registros de cáncer de base hospitalaria y poblacional entre 2011-2019. Se excluyeron los pacientes <18 años, con información clínica limitada disponible sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del VIH y el cáncer y los casos con diagnóstico de tumor no oncológico. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 173 pacientes. Las frecuencias de neoplasias definitorias de SIDA fueron: linfoma no Hodgkin (42.8%), sarcoma de Kaposi (27.8%) y cáncer cervical (4.6%). La supervivencia global fue del 76.4% (IC 95% 68.9-82.3) a los cinco años. Se encontró una peor supervivencia en pacientes con infecciones definitorias de SIDA (56.9% vs. 77.8%, p=0.027) e infecciones no definitorias de SIDA (57.8% vs. 84.2%, p=0.013), mientras que hubo una mejor supervivencia en pacientes que recibieron terapia antirretroviral (65.9% vs. 17.9%, p=0.021) y tratamiento oncológico (66.7% vs. 35.4%, p<0.001). La presencia de infecciones no definitorias de SIDA aumentó el riesgo de morir (HR = 2.39, IC 95% 1.05-5.46, p=0.038), mientras que el tratamiento oncológico lo disminuyó (HR = 0.33, IC 95% 0.14-0.80, p=0.014). Conclusiones: En las personas que viven con VIH, el linfoma no Hodgkin y el sarcoma de Kaposi son las neoplasias más comunes. Se han identificado factores como las infecciones asociadas al SIDA y las infecciones no asociadas al SIDA como determinantes de la supervivencia. El tratamiento del cáncer parece mejorar la supervivencia.

Asociación entre el miedo al COVID-19 y la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en personas con VIH-SIDA

Introducción. Una de las consecuencias psicológicas más frecuentes del COVID-19 es el miedo. Éste podría ocasionar una adherencia terapéutica no óptima y permitir la progresión de la enfermedad en personas con VIH. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el miedo a contraer COVID-19 y la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en personas con VIH entre la tercera y cuarta ola epidémica de COVID-19 en el Perú. Métodos. Estudio transversal analítico en adultos con VIH del centro especializado Vía Libre enrolados por muestreo no probabilístico. Se empleó la escala Fear of COVID-19 Scale para medir el miedo a contraer COVID-19, y el cuestionario SMAQ para evaluar la adherencia terapéutica. Los resultados se presentaron de forma descriptiva, usando chi cuadrado para el análisis bivariado y modelos lineales generalizados familia Poisson para estimar razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RPa). Resultados. Entre febrero - julio del 2022, se enrolaron 149 personas con una mediana de edad de 35 años, el 91,3% fueron varones, y el 75,2% con carga viral indetectable. No se halló asociación entre el miedo a contraer COVID-19 y la adherencia terapéutica (RPa: 0,99; IC95%: 0,97 a 1,02). Adicionalmente, encontramos que las personas que presentaban alguna comorbilidad fueron 89% más adherentes que los que no las presentaban (RPa: 1,89; IC95%: 1,52 a 2,35). Conclusión. El miedo a contraer COVID-19 no se asoció a la adherencia al TARGA durante la tercera ola de pandemia en el Perú. Sin embargo, el presentar alguna comorbilidad se asoció a una adherencia terapéutica óptima. Se debe poner énfasis en los posibles factores que afecten la adherencia en personas con VIH durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

Introduction. One of the most frequent psychological consequences of COVID-19 is fear, which could lead to non-optimal therapeutic adherence and, therefore, to the disease progression. Objectives. To evaluate the possible association between the fear of contracting COVID-19 and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in persons with HIV during the period between the third and fourth epidemic wave of COVID-19 in Peru. Methods. Analytical cross-sectional study in adults with HIV from the specialized center "Vía Libre" enrolled by non-probabilistic sampling. The validated "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" was used to measure the fear of getting sick from COVID-19, and the "SMAQ" questionnaire to assess therapeutic adherence. Results were presented descriptively, using chi-square for bivariate analysis and generalized linear models, Poisson family to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results. Between February and July of 2022, 149 adults with a median age of 35 years were enrolled, 91.3% being male, and 75,2% had undetectable viral load levels. No association was found between fear of contracting COVID-19 and HAART adherence (aPR: 0,99; 95% CI 0,97 to 1,02). Persons with a comorbidity were 89% more adherent than persons withoutcomorbidities (RPa: 1,89; 95% CI 1,52 to 2,35). Conclusion. The fear of contracting COVID-19 was not associated with adherence to HAART during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. However, presenting a comorbidity was associated with optimal HAART adherence. Emphasis should be placed on potential factors affecting medication adherence in people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Intervenciones psicológicas para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Psychological interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumen El VIH es una enfermedad crónica que afecta a los receptores CD4 del sistema inmunológico. El Tratamiento Antirretroviral (TARV) es vital para disminuir la carga viral, pero su éxito depende del grado de adherencia al mismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los factores asociados a la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas para incrementar la adherencia al TARV y agregar los hallazgos en estimaciones cuantitativas de su impacto en la adherencia. La revisión de la literatura fue realizada desde agosto de 2017 hasta abril de 2020 en PubMed, EBSCO y Springer Link, utilizando los siguientes criterios de elección de los estudios: (1) que estuvieran publicados en revistas indexadas con revisión por pares, (2) que fueran experimentales o cuasiexperimentales, (3) que emplearan técnicas para el incremento de la adherencia, (4) que estuvieran publicados en español o inglés, (5) que reportaran los estadísticos necesarios para el cálculo del tamaño de efecto. De los 15 estudios seleccionados (. total = 1669), se obtuvieron 38 tamaños del efecto. El cálculo de los tamaños de efecto individuales y global se realizó usando el programa Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). Todos los tamaños de efecto fueron calculados usando la diferencia estandarizada de medias y un modelo de efectos aleatorios. El tamaño de efecto global fue moderado (. = 0.56, . = 38, IC95 % = 0.39 - 0.72, . < .001), mostrando que las intervenciones fueron significativamente superiores al grupo de comparación. Debido a la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios (I. = 82.25), se analizaron 12 variables moderadoras, de las cuales 11 fueron significativas (. < .005). Los resultados del análisis de variables moderadoras indican un mayor efecto en el incremento de la adherencia al TARV en intervenciones con marcos teóricos basados en el apoyo social por pares y con metodologías adaptables a la vivencia cotidiana de la persona.

Abstract HIV is a chronic disease that affects the CD4 receptors of the immune system, so it is necessary for people with the virus to be under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) to reduce the viral load in the body. The success of ART is related to adherence to treatment, understood as: the intake of antiretroviral drugs, follow-up of medical controls and implementation of healthy lifestyles. There are personal, social and health systems problems that prevent people from adhering to ART in an adequate way. This situation has become a public health problem because inappropriate taking of drugs often leads to drug resistance. In this way, it is necessary to implement effective psychological interventions aimed at increasing adherence to ART, to contribute to a better use of antiretrovirals and to the improvement of the quality of life of people with HIV. Accordingly, the objective was to review the factors associated with the efficacy of psychological interventions, to increase adherence to ART and to aggregate the findings in quantitative estimates of its impact on adherence. For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a research technique that allows a quantitative analysis of results by calculating specific statistics. The literature search and review were carried out from August 2017 to May 2019 in the PubMed, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host) and Springer Link databases, for the identification of experimental studies that met the eligibility criteria (studies published in peer-reviewed indexed journals, experimental or quasi-experimental research, using techniques to increase adherence, published in Spanish and English and reporting the necessary statistics for effect size calculation). Of the 15 studies (total n = 1669) selected, 38 effect sizes were obtained. The calculation of the individual and global effect size was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). All the effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean difference and a random effects model. To find out if individual effect sizes were homogeneous and therefore represent a similar measure of treatment efficacy, the Cochran Q homogeneity test was applied; based on this, the I. was calculated. Also, it was performed a publication bias calculation, the objective of which was to estimate the number of non-significant effect sizes that are required for a reduction of the global effect size to a smaller and non-significant one. The overall effect size was moderate (. = 0.56, . = 38, 95 % CI = 0.39 - 0.72, . < .001) and presented high heterogeneity (I. = 82.25). Twelve moderator variables were analyzed (year of publication, percentage of men, average age, measurement time, number of sessions / interactions, duration of sessions, total duration of intervention, economic remuneration for intervention, place where the intervention was carried out, type of intervention, intervention modality and adherence measurement), of which 11 were significant (all but intervention modality: individual vs. group therapy). The results suggest that the success of an intervention proposal to improve adherence to ART will be related to its ability to consider the components of the environment and the social situation in which the person with HIV develops, as well as their intrinsic characteristics in interaction with their context. Likewise, it is necessary to consider that the presence of adherence barriers should be treated specifically in young people and adults, as well as in men and women. Finally, it is more important to establish interventions aimed not only to increase adherence, but maintaining it, which is why it is considered necessary to propose studies aimed at maintaining adherence, as well as offering practical tools for people to make better decisions about their health.

Health-related quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral treatment: A questionnaire-based study

Introduction: The knowledge of the effect of sociodemographic and disease-related factors on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is important for planning comprehensive health-care services for them. Material and Methods: Two hundred PLWHA on antiretroviral therapy (ART) volunteered to complete a self-reported World Health Organization’s Quality of Life?HIV brief questionnaire (WHOQoL-HIV-BREF) that examines six domains each with four items (physical, psychological, level of independence, social, environmental, and spiritual) with 25 facets and additional 5 facets specific to PLWHA (symptoms of HIV, social inclusion, forgiveness, worries about the future, and death and dying). Results: Only 135 questionnaires from 73 (53.3%) men and 63 (46.7%) women (male: female – 1.14:1) aged 20–82 years(mean ± standard deviation: 42.9 ± 10.5 years) were found complete. Eighty-five (63%) individuals were aged 41–60 years, 78 (57.8%) individuals were matriculates, graduates, or postgraduates, 76 (56.3%) respondents were married, and 38 (28.1%) were widows/widowers. Staying-alone workers comprised 43 (31.8%) individuals. Overall health and HRQoL were rated satisfactory (n = 85.2%) and good/very good (n = 74.8%) by a significantly greater number of individuals (P = 0.001). Pearson’s Chi-squared test showed no statistically significant (P > ?) associations between good HRQoL and variables such as age >40 years, gender, education, marital status, duration of disease, disclosure of serostatus to family, ART for >3 years, and CD4 >200 cells/mL. Conclusion: Regular ART can result in adequate control of immunosuppression and no comorbidities in a majority of PLWHA, family and social acceptance, and financial security can result in overall good HRQoL in all six domains within the WHOQoL-HIV-BREF. The study is limited by its cross-sectional study design and small sample size.

Interrelación entre Anatomía Patológica y Dermatología ilustrada mediante un caso clínico de sarcoma de Kaposi / Illustrating the relationship between Pathological Anatomy and Dermatology by means of a clinical case of Kaposi's Sarcoma

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente asistido en el servicio de Dermatología por tener lesión tumoral gigante en calcáneo derecho de instauración progresiva. La biopsia incisional muestra sarcoma de Kaposi endémico sin afectación visceral. El estadio tan avanzado de la enfermedad propició la evolución tórpida del paciente. El estudio histopatológico estableció el diagnóstico certero de la lesión tumoral; la biopsia fue el método auxiliar que estableció el vínculo necesario entre el examen macroscópico y microscópico de la piel, y la interrelación básico-clínica entre dos disciplinas: Anatomía Patológica y Dermatología.

We present a clinical case of a patient seen in the Dermatology service due to a progressive giant cell tumour in the right calcaneus. Incisional biopsy shows endemic Kaposi's sarcoma without visceral involvement. The advanced stage of the disease led to the torpid evolution of the patient. The histopathological study established the accurate diagnosis of the tumour lesion, the biopsy was the auxiliary method that established the necessary link between the macroscopic and microscopic examination of the skin and the basic and clinical relationship between two disciplines: Pathological Anatomy and Dermatology.

Associated oral manifestations with HIV southeastern Brazilian patients on antiretroviral therapy

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients living with HIV infection and their association with CD4 count, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 161 patients attending the… All the patients were examined for their oral lesions, current CD4 counts, type, and duration of the therapy. Data analyses were carried out using Chi-Square, Student T/Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression tests. Results Oral lesions were observed in 58.39% of patients with HIV. Periodontal disease with 78 (48.45%) or without mobility 79 (49.07%) was observed more frequently, followed by hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa 23 (14.29%), Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) 15 (9.32%), candidiasis pseudomembranous 14 (8.70%). Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) was observed only in 3 (1.86%). A relationship between periodontal disease with dental mobility and smoking was found (p = 0.04), as well duration of treatment (p = 1.53e-3) and age (p = 0.02). Hyperpigmentation was related to race (p = 0.01) and smoking (p = 1.30e-6). CD4 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, viral load, or type of treatment were not associated with oral lesions. Logistic regression showed that the duration of treatment has a protective effect on the periodontal disease with dental mobility (OR = 0.28 [−2.27 to −0.25]; p-value = 0.03), independent of age or smoking. To hyperpigmentation, the best model included smoking (OR = 8.47 [1.18-3.10], p = 1.31e-5), without race or type and duration of treatment. Conclusion Among HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment, oral lesions can be observed, predominantly periodontal disease. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia were also observed. No relationship was found between associated oral manifestations in HIV patients and the start of the treatment, TCD4+ and TCD8+ cell count, TCD4:TCD8 ratio, or viral load. The data indicate that there is a protective effect of duration of treatment with relation to periodontal disease with mobility and that hyperpigmentation seems to be more related to smoking than type and duration of treatment. Level of evidence Level 3 (OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence").

Study of pattern and time-reaction sequence for adverse drug reactions reported to antiretroviral drugs

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antiretroviral drugs have a varied pattern and wide spectrum of severity from mild to very serious. The lack of a pre-established time-reaction sequence hampers the causality assessment of ADRs. Recognition of pattern of ADRs to antiretroviral drugs in a particular setup might sensitize the reporters to report ADRs, especially in setups dependent on spontaneous reporting. Aim and Objectives: The study of pattern and time-reaction sequence for ADRs reported to antiretroviral drugs. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was conducted at a first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) center after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Pattern of ADRs associated with ART was done by analyzing the type of ADRs, severity, and outcome of ADRs reported to antiretroviral drugs. Mean duration of time lapse between administration of drug to onset of adverse drug reaction was calculated. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. Results: There were 73 adverse reactions reported. Most common type of adverse reaction was cutaneous (53.42%) followed by anemia (31%). Causality assessment of most ADRs was concluded as possible (60.27%). Most ADRs were of moderate severity and 12% were severe reactions. Reactions such as anemia and neuropsychiatric ADRs often occurred late, while maculopapular rash usually occurred within 30 days of drug administration. Conclusions: ADRs to ART include an array of reactions ranging from mild rash to psychosis or severe anemia. Most of these reactions are of moderate severity and have a favorable outcome. Many of these reactions actually occur almost a month after initiating a drug regime suggesting the need for intensive monitoring around this time.

Psychometric Properties of an Instrument to Assess the Barriers to Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence among the Argentinian Population / Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento de evaluación de barreras para la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en población argentina / Propriedades psicométricas de um instrumento para avaliar as barreiras à adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral na população argentina

Aim: To adapt and validate an existing instrument to assess the barriers to antiretroviral treatment adherence among individuals with hiv in Córdoba, Argentina. Materials and methods: The final sample population included 180 Argentinian people. The mean age of the participants was 40.61 (sd = 12.032) years and 82.8% were men. Various internal structure and reliability and validity studies with other variables were conducted on the study population (n = 180). Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis were consistent with the factorial structure of the original study. However, to achieve this, items that had low factorial loads and were redundant had to be eliminated. Coefficient ω values of .833 on the Information sub-scale, .759 on the Motivation subscale, and .888 on the Behavioral Skills subscale were obtained. Significant correlations were determined between the results of adherence and barriers to treatment. Conclusion: The results suggest that the instrument can be used to assess the barriers to antiretroviral treatment adherence in Córdoba, Argentina. Although further research is warranted, these results are promising.

adaptar y validar un instrumento para evaluar barreras a la adherencia antirretroviral en personas que conviven con el vih en Córdoba (Argentina). Materiales y métodos: la muestra final incluyó 180 participantes argentinos. La media de edad fue de 40.61 (de = 12.032) y el 82.8 % fueron hombres. Sobre la muestra (n = 180) se efectuaron estudios de estructura interna, confiabilidad y validez con otras variables. Resultados: el análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó resultados congruentes con la estructura factorial del estudio original, aunque para ello fue necesario eliminar ciertos ítems que presentaban bajas cargas factoriales y que pueden ser representados por otros ítems, debido a información redundante. Se obtuvieron coeficientes ω = 0.833 en la subescala información; ω = 0.759 en la subescala motivación, y ω = 0.888 en la subescala habilidades comportamentales. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los resultados de adherencia al tratamiento y barreras al tratamiento. Conclusión: aunque se requieren de mayores investigaciones, los resultados son promisorios, sugieren que el instrumento puede usarse para evaluar barreras de la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en Córdoba.

adaptar e validar um instrumento de barreiras à adesão anti-retroviral em pessoas vivendo com hivem Córdoba, Argentina. Materiais e métodos: A amostra final incluiu 180 participantes argentinos. A idade média era de 40,61 anos (sd = 12,032) e 82,8% eram homens. Com a amostra (n = 180) foram realizados estudos de estrutura interna, confiabilidade e validade com outras variáveis. Resultados: a análise fatorial confirma-tória apresentou resultados adequados com a estrutura fatorial do estudo original, embora para isso tenha sido necessário eliminar alguns itens que apresentavam baixas cargas fatoriais e poderiam ser representados por outros itens devido a informações redundantes. Os coeficientes ω = 0,833 foram obtidos na subescala informação; ω = 0,759 na subescala motivação, y ω = 0,888 na subescala competências comportamentais. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre os resultados do adherencia al tratamiento e do barreiras à adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: embora mais pesquisas sejam necessárias, os resultados são promissores, sugerindo que o instrumento pode ser usado para avaliar as barreiras à adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral em Córdoba, Argentina.

A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment / 中西医结合学报

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide epidemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Newer medicines for eliminating the viral reservoir and eradicating the virus are urgently needed. Attempts to locate relatively safe and non-toxic medications from natural resources are ongoing now. Natural-product-based antiviral candidates have been exploited to a limited extent. However, antiviral research is inadequate to counteract for the resistant patterns. Plant-derived bioactive compounds hold promise as powerful pharmacophore scaffolds, which have shown anti-HIV potential. This review focuses on a consideration of the virus, various possible HIV-controlling methods and the recent progress in alternative natural compounds with anti-HIV activity, with a particular emphasis on recent results from natural sources of anti-HIV agents. Please cite this article as: Mandhata CP, Sahoo CR, Padhy RN. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(4):332-353.

Cotidiano de pessoas que vivem com VIH em Bissau, Guiné-Bissau: perspectivas, desafios e vulnerabilidades / Vida diaria de las personas que viven con VIH en Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: perspectivas, desafíos y vulnerabilidades / The daily life of people living with HIV in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: perspectives, challenges and vulnerabilities

RESUMO Objetivo compreender as perspectivas e desafios no cotidiano de pessoas após a descoberta do viver com VIH em Bissau, Guiné-Bissau, tendo em vista diferentes contextos de vulnerabilidade. Método estudo exploratório-descritivo, que utilizou entrevista semiestruturada com 16 pessoas vivendo com VIH, acompanhadas em um hospital de Bissau. Empregou-se técnica de análise de conteúdo temática. Os relatos dos participantes foram analisados a partir de duas categorias empíricas: A descoberta, os impactos e os desafios de viver com VIH; e Experiência com o antirretroviral: recomeço e perspectivas. Resultados sinalizaram que os desafios iniciam com a revelação do diagnóstico que, geralmente, desperta uma diversidade de sentimentos e comportamentos. O estigma e a discriminação estimulam a adoção do sigilo sobre o status sorológico, resultando na fragilidade de suporte emocional no enfrentamento à soropositividade. A terapia antirretroviral foi vislumbrada como esperança para o enfrentamento da doença. A vulnerabilidade social foi a dimensão que mais se destacou, e violações dos direitos humanos foram constatadas. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o estudo permite compreender as perspectivas, desafios e vulnerabilidades de pessoas que vivem com VIH. O viver com VIH merece atenção especial por parte dos profissionais de saúde que atuam no cuidado dessas pessoas, destacando-se como contribuição a relevância de um cuidado de saúde integral, em que a ética e a subjetividade estejam presentes.

RESUMEN Objetivo este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender perspectivas y desafíos en la vida cotidiana de las personas que viven con VIH en Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, considerando diferentes contextos de vulnerabilidad. Método estudio exploratorio-descriptivo, que utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada con 16 personas que viven con el VIH, seguido en un hospital de Bissau. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido temático. Los informes de los participantes se analizaron a partir de dos categorías empíricas: El descubrimiento, los impactos y los desafíos de vivir con el VIH; y La experiencia antirretroviral: un nuevo comienzo y perspectivas. Resultados los resultados indicaron que los desafíos comienzan con la divulgación del diagnóstico, que generalmente suscita una diversidad de sentimientos y conductas. El estigma y la discriminación fomentan la adopción del secreto sobre el estado serológico, lo que resulta en un apoyo emocional débil para hacer frente a la seropositividad. La terapia antirretroviral es una esperanza para hacer frente a la enfermedad. La vulnerabilidad social fue la dimensión que más se destacó y se encontraron violaciones a sus derechos humanos. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica el estudio permite comprender las perspectivas, los desafíos y las vulnerabilidades de las personas que viven con el VIH. Vivir con VIH merece especial atención por parte de los profesionales de la salud que actúan en el cuidado de estas personas, destacando como aporte la relevancia de la atención integral en salud, en la que la ética y la subjetividad están presentes.

ABSTRACT Objective to understand perspectives and challenges in the daily lives of people after the discovery of living with HIV in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, considering different contexts of vulnerability. Method an exploratory-descriptive study conducted through semi-structured interviews with sixteen people living with HIV attending a hospital in the city of Bissau. We used the thematic content analysis technique. Participants' reports were analyzed following two empirical categories: Discovery, impacts and challenges of living with HIV; and Experience with antiretroviral therapy: new beginning and perspectives. Results the results indicate that the challenges start with the disclosure of diagnosis, which arouses a diversity of feelings and behaviors. Stigma and discrimination encourage the adoption of confidentiality about serological status, which increases the fragility of emotional support in coping with seropositivity. Antiretroviral therapy was seen as a hope for coping with the disease. Social vulnerability was the dimension that stood out the most, and human rights violations involving people living with HIV were verified. Conclusion and implications for practice the study makes it possible to understand the perspectives, challenges and vulnerabilities of people living with HIV. Living with HIV deserves special attention from health professionals who work in the care of these people, highlighting as a contribution the relevance of comprehensive health care, in which ethics and subjectivity are present.

Intervenções associadas à entrevista motivacional para adesão antirretroviral por pessoas com HIV / Intervenciones asociadas a la entrevista motivacional para la adhesión antirretroviral de personas con VIH / Interventions associated with motivational interviewing for antiretroviral adherence by people with HIV

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as produções científicas acerca da eficácia de intervenções utilizando a entrevista motivacional para adesão à terapia antirretroviral por pessoas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Métodos Revisão sistemática realizada em quatro bases de dados, o MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS, e em uma biblioteca eletrônica, a SciELO, sem restrição de idioma, data e tamanho amostral. O levantamento de artigos foi realizado em setembro de 2021, utilizando-se os descritores Motivational Interviewing, HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome e Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Foram incluídos artigos do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, com amostra de pessoas com vírus da imunodeficiência humana maiores de 18 anos, e excluídas pesquisas envolvendo crianças, adolescentes e gestantes. Dez artigos foram selecionados e analisados quanto ao rigor e características de cada estudo. Resultados A entrevista motivacional foi aplicada presencialmente e associada à chamada telefônica, visita domiciliar, fitas de áudio, encartes informativos, aconselhamento, teorias cognitivas-comportamentais e cognitivas-sociais. Os estudos incluídos nesta revisão evidenciaram que as intervenções utilizando a entrevista motivacional aumentaram a adesão aos antirretrovirais por pessoas com vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Conclusão O estudo contribuiu para identificar os dados existentes sobre a eficácia de intervenções com a entrevista motivacional, com foco na adesão à terapia antirretroviral por pessoas com vírus da imunodeficiência humana, tornando visíveis os pontos que precisam ser aprofundados e mostrando a importância desta estratégia, que pode ser utilizada pelos enfermeiros e demais profissionais de saúde, visando o bem-estar dos pacientes. International Prospective Register Systematic Reviews: CRD42019123724

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las producciones científicas sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones que utilizan la entrevista motivacional para la adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos Revisión sistemática realizada en cuatro bases de datos, MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS, y en una biblioteca electrónica, SciELO, sin restricción de idioma, fecha, ni tamaño de la muestra. La recopilación de archivos fue realizada en septiembre de 2021, con los descriptores Motivational Interviewing, HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome y Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Se incluyeron artículos tipo ensayo clínico aleatorizado, con muestreo de personas con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana mayores de 18 años; y se excluyeron estudios que incluían niños, adolescentes y mujeres embarazadas. Se seleccionaron diez artículos y se analizó el rigor y características de cada estudio. Resultados La entrevista motivacional se realizó presencialmente y estuvo relacionada con llamadas telefónicas, visitas domiciliares, cintas de audio, suplementos informativos, asesoramiento, teorías cognitivas conductuales y cognitivas sociales. Los estudios incluidos en esta revisión evidenciaron que las intervenciones que utilizan la entrevista motivacional aumentaron la adhesión a los antirretrovirales de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Conclusión El estudio ayudó a identificar los datos existentes sobre la eficacia de intervenciones con entrevistas motivacionales, con énfasis en la adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, se visibilizaron los puntos en los que es necesario profundizar y se mostró la importancia de esta estrategia, que puede ser utilizada por enfermeros y demás profesionales de la salud, para el bienestar de los pacientes.

Abstract Objective To analyze scientific productions about the effectiveness of interventions using motivational interviewing for adherence to antiretroviral therapy by people with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods This is a systematic review carried out in four databases, MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS, and in an electronic library, SciELO, without language, date and sample size restrictions. The survey of articles was carried out in September 2021, using the descriptors Motivational Interviewing, HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Randomized clinical trial articles were included, with a sample of people with human immunodeficiency virus over 18 years old, and research involving children, adolescents and pregnant women was excluded. Ten articles were selected and analyzed regarding the rigor and characteristics of each study. Results Motivational interviewing was applied in person and associated with a telephone call, home visit, audio tapes, informational inserts, counseling, cognitive-behavioral and cognitive-social theories. The studies included in this review showed that interventions using motivational interviewing increased adherence to antiretrovirals by people with human immunodeficiency virus. Conclusion The study contributed to identify existing data on the effectiveness of interventions with motivational interviewing, focusing on adherence to antiretroviral therapy by people with human immunodeficiency virus, making visible the points that need to be deepened and showing the importance of this strategy, which can be used by nurses and other health professionals, aiming at patients' well-being.International Prospective Register Systematic Reviews: CRD42019123724

Tratamento como prevenção na perspectiva de pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids / Tratamiento como prevención en la perspectiva de personas que viven con el VIH/sida / Treatment as prevention from the perspective of people living with HIV/AIDS

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os fatores associados ao conhecimento sobre a eficácia do tratamento como prevenção de pessoas que vivem com o HIV. Métodos Estudo transversal e analítico realizado com pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids atendidas em cinco serviços de atendimento especializado em um município do interior paulista. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas individuais onde se utilizou de um questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, univariada e regressão logística. Resultados 286 pessoas vivendo com HIV participaram do estudo, 108 (37.8%) homens que fazem sexo com homens, com idade superior a 45 anos (36.4%). Foi identificado que apenas 15,0% dos participantes apresentaram conhecimento sobre a eficácia do tratamento como prevenção. Não ter conhecimento sobre a eficácia do tratamento como prevenção foi associado com ter 2 e 4 parceiros sexuais 0.24 (IC 95% 0.08,0.68), usar o preservativo de forma inconsistente 2.69 (IC 95% 1.26,5.77), não buscar a informação 4.31(IC 95% 1.18,15.78) e não revelar o diagnóstico aos parceiros 3.02 (IC 95%1.41,6.48). Conclusão O conhecimento sobre a eficiência do tratamento como prevenção foi baixo e se associou a comportamentos e práticas de maior risco. Intervenções voltadas para as pessoas que vivem com HIV que têm relacionamentos sorodiferentes são urgentes e podem beneficiar ambos os parceiros, ser incentivo para a obtenção e manutenção da supressão viral, motivação para adesão do tratamento com a terapia antirretroviral e prevenção da transmissão sexual do HIV.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los factores asociados a los conocimientos sobre la eficacia del tratamiento como prevención de personas que viven con el VIH. Métodos Estudio transversal y analítico realizado con personas que viven con el VIH/sida atendidas en cinco servicios de atención especializada en un municipio del interior del estado de São Paulo. Los datos fueron recopilados por medio de entrevistas individuales donde se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la estadística descriptiva, univariada y regresión logística. Resultados Participaron del estudio 286 personas que viven con el VIH, 108 (37,8 %) hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, de edad superior a 45 años (36,4 %). Se observó que solo el 15,0 % de los participantes tenía conocimientos sobre la eficacia del tratamiento como prevención. La falta de conocimientos sobre la eficacia del tratamiento como prevención se relacionó con tener dos y cuatro parejas sexuales 0.24 (IC 95 % 0.08,0.68), usar preservativo de forma inconsistente 2.69 (IC 95 % 1.26,5.77), no buscar información 4.31 (IC 95 % 1.18,15.78) y no informar el diagnóstico a las parejas 3.02 (IC 95 % 1.41,6.48). Conclusión Los conocimientos sobre la eficiencia del tratamiento como prevención fueron bajos y se asoció a comportamientos y prácticas de mayor riesgo. Es urgente realizar intervenciones orientadas a personas que viven con el VIH que tienen relaciones serodiscordantes, ya que pueden beneficiar a las dos personas de la pareja, ser un incentivo para la obtención y el mantenimiento de la supresión viral y ser motivación para la adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral y prevención de la transmisión sexual del VIH.

Abstract Objective To analyze factors associated with knowledge about the effectiveness of treatment as prevention for people living with HIV. Methods This is a cross-sectional and analytical study carried out with people living with HIV/AIDS treated at five specialized care services in a city in the countryside of São Paulo. Data were collected through individual interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results were analyzed using descriptive and univariate statistics and logistic regression. Results 286 people living with HIV participated in the study, 108 (37.8%) men who have sex with men, aged over 45 years (36.4%). It was identified that only 15.0% of participants had knowledge about the effectiveness of treatment as prevention. Not having knowledge about the effectiveness of treatment as prevention was associated with having 2 and 4 sexual partners 0.24 (95%CI 0.08,0.68), using condoms inconsistently 2.69 (95%CI 1.26,5.77), not seeking information 4.31 (95%CI 1.18,15.78) and not disclosing the diagnosis to partners 3.02 (95%CI 1.41,6.48). Conclusion Knowledge about the effectiveness of treatment as prevention was low and was associated with higher risk behaviors and practices. Interventions targeting people living with HIV who have serodifferent relationships are urgent and can benefit both partners, be an incentive for achieving and maintaining viral suppression, motivation for treatment compliance with antiretroviral therapy and HIV transmission prevention.

HIV and neoplasms: What do we know so far?

ABSTRACT Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic remains an important issue. In 2020, approximately 37.7 million people were living with the disease and there were more than 680 thousand deaths due to complications linked to the disease. Despite these exorbitant numbers, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has marked a new era, changing the epidemiological profile of the infection and related pathologies, including neoplasms. Objective We performed a literature review to assess the role of neoplasms in patients with HIV after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. Methods A literature review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, searching the MEDLINE, LILACS, and COCHRANE databases for articles published from 2010 onwards. Results Using specific key terms, 1,341 articles were identified; two were duplicates, 107 were selected for full-text evaluation, and 20 were included in the meta-analysis. The selected studies included 2,605,869 patients. Fifteen of the 20 articles indicated a reduction in the global incidence of AIDS-defining neoplasms and 12 indicated an overall increase in non-AIDS-defining cancers after the introduction of antiretrovirals. This growth trend could be explained by a range of factors including the aging population with HIV, risky behaviors, and coinfection with oncogenic viruses. Conclusions There was a decreasing trend in the incidence of AIDS-defining neoplasms and increasing trend in non-AIDS-defining neoplasms. However, the carcinogenic effect of antiretrovirals could not be confirmed. In addition, studies focusing on the oncogenic role of HIV and screening for neoplasms in individuals with HIV are required.

Suppression of HIV in the first 12 months of antiretroviral therapy: a comparative analysis of dolutegravir- and efavirenz-based regimens

ABSTRACT Objective To compare viral suppression in treatment-naïve adults starting antiretroviral therapy with dolutegravir (50mg)- and efavirenz (600mg)-based regimens. Methods We analyzed secondary data from Brazilian health information systems of people living with human immunodeficiency virus who started antiretroviral therapy between 2015 and 2017 in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The outcome was viral suppression, defined as the achievement of the first viral load <50 copies/mL within 12 months after initiating antiretroviral therapy. This outcome was also compared with viral load <1,000 copies/mL and analyzed in two scenarios: intention-to-treat versus per-protocol. Time to viral suppression and adjusted odds ratio accompanied by 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results Of the 2,599 participants enrolled, 77.5% were men, and the median age was 34 years. In the intention-to-treat analysis, viral suppression was 58.1% for efavirenz and 76.7% for dolutegravir. People living with HIV on dolutegravir-based regimen were more likely to achieve viral suppression (aOR: 2.44; 95%CI: 2.01-2.95) and had a shorter median time to viral suppression (p<0.0001). Antiretroviral therapy initiation within <120 days, baseline CD4⁺T-cells ≥200 cells/mm3, and viral load <100,000 copies/mL had higher odds of viral suppression. According to the per-protocol analysis, viral suppression ≥90% was observed by considering viral load <1,000 copies/mL. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that viral suppression improved after introducing dolutegravir, although the proportion of patients with viral load <50 copies/mL was lower than expected. Improved access to routine viral load examinations and continuous surveillance of the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy should be considered.